• Adsorption, surface reactions, and wettability emerge as unifying drivers of surface behavior, linking chemisorption and diffusion on solids to overall surface reactivity and coating phenomena across metals and films [5], [9], [13], [14], [20].

• Thin film structure and epitaxial growth provide a central methodological frame for probing surfaces, with expanded films, monolayer packing, and molecular-beam-like approaches guiding interface structure and phase behavior [12], [15], [16], [19].

• Magnetism and spin-related phenomena shape surface and alloy properties, with nickel ferromagnetism, spontaneous magnetisation, and magnetostriction highlighting bulk–surface coupling in magnetic materials [8], [10], [11], [17].

• Interfacial thermodynamics and phase behavior at gas–solid–liquid boundaries unify studies of surface tension, condensation/evaporation, and viscous films, showing how liquids and gases interact with solid surfaces [1], [6], [16], [19].